Criminal Use and Seizure of Cryptocurrency Assets

Illicit actors continue to hold and move significant amounts of cryptocurrency, with on-chain balances linked to criminal activity now exceeding $75 billion. According to blockchain analytics, nearly $15 billion is directly held by entities identified as illicit, with stolen funds representing the largest share of these holdings. Downstream wallets, which have received more than 10% of their inflows from illicit sources, collectively hold over $60 billion, indicating that the reach of criminal proceeds extends far beyond the original perpetrators. Darknet market administrators and vendors alone control over $40 billion in on-chain value, highlighting the scale of underground digital economies. Bitcoin remains the dominant cryptocurrency among illicit balances, accounting for 75% of the total, though stablecoins and ether have seen substantial growth in criminal usage. The concentration of these funds is typically high, with a small number of wallets holding the majority of assets. Illicit actors are adapting their laundering techniques, increasingly using more cashout addresses for shorter periods to evade detection. Direct transfers from illicit entities to exchanges have dropped significantly, from about 40% of quarterly value in 2021–2022 to just 15% in Q2 2025, reflecting changes in both enforcement and criminal tactics. Law enforcement agencies, particularly in the United States, are responding by establishing strategic reserves and stockpiles of seized digital assets, and have already confiscated over $12.6 billion in illicit funds with the help of blockchain analytics firms. The timing of enforcement actions varies, with market-based illicit services tending to operate longer before being disrupted. Once illicit entities stop receiving funds, the speed at which they empty their wallets depends on the type of cryptocurrency held. Meanwhile, specific high-profile incidents continue to occur, such as the $21 million theft from SBI Crypto, a subsidiary of Japan's SBI Group. In this case, hackers stole a variety of cryptocurrencies, including bitcoin, ethereum, litecoin, dogecoin, and bitcoin cash, and laundered the proceeds through Tornado Cash, a mixing service favored by cybercriminals. Investigators noted that the tactics and laundering patterns in the SBI Crypto heist closely resembled those used by North Korean hacking groups, suggesting a possible link to Pyongyang's ongoing campaign to finance illicit activities through digital asset theft. The SBI Crypto incident is part of a broader trend, with North Korean threat actors reportedly stealing a record $2 billion in cryptocurrency so far this year. These developments underscore the persistent threat posed by sophisticated cybercriminals and nation-state actors in the cryptocurrency ecosystem, as well as the evolving strategies of both criminals and law enforcement in the battle over digital assets. The growing landscape of seizable crypto assets presents both a challenge and an opportunity for authorities seeking to disrupt illicit financial flows. As criminals refine their methods, the need for advanced analytics and coordinated international enforcement becomes increasingly critical. The ongoing arms race between cybercriminals and law enforcement is likely to shape the future of digital asset security and regulation.